Twenty-five years of palivizumab: a global historic review of its impact on the burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease in children.
Xavier Carbonell-Estrany, Eric A F Sim��es, Louis Bont, Paolo Manzoni, Heather J Zar, Anne Greenough, Octavio Ramilo, Renato Stein, Barbara Law, Asuncion Mejias, Manuel Sanchez Luna, Paul A Checchia, Leonard Krilov, Marcello Lanari, Ron Dagan, Brigitte Fauroux, Bernhard Resch, Terho Heikkinen, Joseph B Domachowske, Joanne G Wildenbeest, Federico Martinon-Torres, Richard Thwaites, Merih Cetinkaya, Adel S Alharbi, Carlos E Rodriguez-Martinez, Daniel E Noyola, Asiah Kassim, Satoshi Kusuda, Ji-Man Kang, Barry Rodgers-Gray, Anna Platonova, Fungwe Jah, Bosco Paes
Eric A F Sim��es: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
Louis Bont: Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Paolo Manzoni: Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Piedmont, Italy.
Heather J Zar: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
Anne Greenough: Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
Octavio Ramilo: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Renato Stein: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Moinhos de Vento and School of Medicine, Pontif��cia Universidade Cat��lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Barbara Law: VASA Consulting Inc, Stratford, Ontario, Canada.
Asuncion Mejias: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Manuel Sanchez Luna: Neonatology Division, University General Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Paul A Checchia: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Leonard Krilov: Former Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Langone Long Island Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
Marcello Lanari: Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Ron Dagan: The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Brigitte Fauroux: Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit, AP-HP, H��pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
Bernhard Resch: Research Unit for Neonatal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
Terho Heikkinen: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Joseph B Domachowske: Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
Joanne G Wildenbeest: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Federico Martinon-Torres: Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Cl��nico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Richard Thwaites: The Neonatal Unit, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
Merih Cetinkaya: Department of Neonatology, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Adel S Alharbi: Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Carlos E Rodriguez-Martinez: Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
Daniel E Noyola: Centro de Investigaci��n en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut��noma de San Luis Potos��, San Luis Potos��, M��xico.
Asiah Kassim: Paediatric Department, Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Satoshi Kusuda: Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan.
Ji-Man Kang: Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Barry Rodgers-Gray: Violicom Medical Limited, Aldermaston, UK.
Anna Platonova: Immunology, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, AstraZeneca, London, UK.
Fungwe Jah: Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Hamburg, Germany.
Bosco Paes: Department of Pediatrics (Neonatal Division), McMaster University and McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
INTRODUCTION: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in young children. For 25���years, palivizumab has been the only effective pharmaceutical RSV preventive. AREAS COVERED: We summarize the development and a quarter-century of real-world evidence with palivizumab. We highlight its positive impact on the burden of RSV in high-risk children. Based on lessons learnt from its implementation, we suggest strategies for effective and equitable deployment of newer RSV preventives. EXPERT OPINION: Following failure of the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine in 1967, RSV intravenous immunoglobulin was approved in 1996 after three decades' research. Subsequently, palivizumab emerged as the most effective and safe RSV preventive, demonstrated by the IMpact trial, and was licensed in 1998 in the United States. Over the last 25���years, the benefits of palivizumab have been firmly established through a wealth of evidence, predominantly from high-income countries (HICs). To achieve a global impact with the newer RSV preventives, evidenced-based universal guidelines must be developed and endorsed by regulatory authorities and relevant scientific societies. Independent economic evaluations should incorporate all RSV-associated healthcare costs, reduction of long-term respiratory sequelae, and standardized outcomes. Most importantly, equity in product availability and implementation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is essential.
