Rahaf H Almutairi, Meshal Bassam Albesher, Razan Ayed Alboqami, Abdullah Zaki Al-Fahd, Rayan Fahad Z Alshehri, Orjwan Hashem Ateeq, Mohammed Halawani, Jaber Alshammari
PURPOSE: Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a prevalent pediatric condition associated with nasal obstruction, sleep-disordered breathing, and related comorbidities. This study evaluated comparative efficacies of Mometasone Furoate (MF) monotherapy and MF-Montelukast combination therapy in pediatric AH.
METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched from their inception to August 22, 2024, and five randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with pediatric patients (age <15 years, n = 416) with clinically diagnosed AH, managed with MF monotherapy or MF-montelukast combination therapy, were identified. Outcomes included changes in x-ray adenoids/nasopharynx ratio, endoscopic adenoid obstruction, total symptom score, and individualized symptoms scores of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, mouth breathing, and snoring. Although safety data, including neuropsychiatric adverse effects of montelukast, were of interest, they were not reported in the included studies.
RESULTS: Compared to MF-monotherapy, MF-montelukast combination therapy significantly improved (mean difference [95 % confidence interval], p-value) adenoids/nasopharynx ratio (-7.01 [-8.96 to -5.07], <0.001), total symptom score (-1.05 [-1.51 to -0.59], <0.001), rhinorrhea (-0.92 [-1.50 to -0.34], 0.002), mouth breathing (-0.67 [-1.27 to -0.08], 0.02), and endoscopic Grade 4 adenoid obstruction (relative risk 0.25 [0.07-0.84], 0.03); no intergroup differences were noted in nasal obstruction (-0.06 [-0.26 to 0.14], 0.56), snoring (-0.56 [-1.19 to 0.08], 0.08), and endoscopic Grade 3 adenoid obstruction (relative risk 0.70 [0.45-1.09], 0.11).
CONCLUSION: MF-montelukast combination therapy is superior to MF monotherapy in reducing AH symptoms. However, Montelukast has an FDA black box warning due to potential neuropsychiatric side effects, including suicidal thoughts, depression and behavioral changes. None of the included studies systematically assessed these adverse effects highlighting a critical gap in safety evaluation. High-quality RCT-based research is required to evaluate long-term efficacy, safety, dosage, and cost-effectiveness.
