OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
International journal of epidemiology
Jun, 2014;43 (3): 645-53.

The non-specific effects of vaccines and other childhood interventions: the contribution of INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems.

Osman Sankoh, Paul Welaga, Cornelius Debpuur, Charles Zandoh, Stephney Gyaase, Mary Atta Poma, Martin Kavao Mutua, S M Manzoor Ahmed Hanifi, Cesario Martins, Eric Nebie, Moubassira Kagoné, Jacques B O Emina, Peter Aaby
Author Information
  1. Osman Sankoh: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (C
  2. Paul Welaga: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  3. Cornelius Debpuur: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  4. Charles Zandoh: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  5. Stephney Gyaase: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  6. Mary Atta Poma: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  7. Martin Kavao Mutua: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  8. S M Manzoor Ahmed Hanifi: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  9. Cesario Martins: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  10. Eric Nebie: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  11. Moubassira Kagoné: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  12. Jacques B O Emina: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
  13. Peter Aaby: INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
PMID: 24920644 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu101

Abstract

Most childhood interventions (vaccines, micronutrients) in low-income countries are justified by their assumed effect on child survival. However, usually the interventions have only been studied with respect to their disease/deficiency-specific effects and not for their overall effects on morbidity and mortality. In many situations, the population-based effects have been very different from the anticipated effects; for example, the measles-preventive high-titre measles vaccine was associated with 2-fold increased female mortality; BCG reduces neonatal mortality although children do not die of tuberculosis in the neonatal period; vitamin A may be associated with increased or reduced child mortality in different situations; effects of interventions may differ for boys and girls. The reasons for these and other contrasts between expectations and observations are likely to be that the immune system learns more than specific prevention from an intervention; such training may enhance or reduce susceptibility to unrelated infections. INDEPTH member centres have been in an ideal position to document such additional non-specific effects of interventions because they follow the total population long term. It is proposed that more INDEPTH member centres extend their routine data collection platform to better measure the use and effects of childhood interventions. In a longer perspective, INDEPTH may come to play a stronger role in defining health research issues of relevance to low-income countries.

Keywords

BCG DTP INDEPTH Network childhood interventions measles vaccine non-specific effects of vaccines

References

  1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2008 Aug 8;83(32):287-92 [PMID: 18689006]
  2. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2004 Jul 16;79(29):269-72 [PMID: 15341368]
  3. Int J Epidemiol. 2011 Aug;40(4):955-63 [PMID: 21543446]
  4. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Apr;38(2):586-90 [PMID: 19147706]
  5. Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Apr;33(2):367-73 [PMID: 15082642]
  6. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Nov 1;138(9):746-55 [PMID: 8237989]
  7. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Jun;2(6):417-26 [PMID: 12093008]
  8. Vaccine. 2005 Jan 19;23(9):1197-204 [PMID: 15629363]
  9. Lancet. 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2183-8 [PMID: 12842371]
  10. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1974;8(2):123-32 [PMID: 4369156]
  11. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Sep;95(9):662-7 [PMID: 20716675]
  12. Vaccine. 2009 May 11;27(21):2891-8 [PMID: 19428899]
  13. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 1;209(11):1731-8 [PMID: 24436454]
  14. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Dec;23(12):1086-92 [PMID: 15626943]
  15. Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Apr;33(2):374-80 [PMID: 15082643]
  16. BMJ. 1995 Aug 19;311(7003):481-5 [PMID: 7647643]
  17. Int J Epidemiol. 2003 Oct;32(5):822-8 [PMID: 14559758]
  18. Trop Med Int Health. 2012 Dec;17(12):1492-505 [PMID: 23006334]
  19. Lancet. 2004 Dec 18-31;364(9452):2204-11 [PMID: 15610807]
  20. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 15;59(4):484-92 [PMID: 24829213]
  21. Bull World Health Organ. 1994;72(5):761-70 [PMID: 7955026]
  22. Int J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;32(1):106-16 [PMID: 12690020]
  23. BMJ Open. 2012 Jul 19;2(4): [PMID: 22815465]
  24. Trends Immunol. 2013 Sep;34(9):431-9 [PMID: 23680130]
  25. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Jun;111(6):1227-31 [PMID: 12789221]
  26. Trop Med Int Health. 2013 Nov;18(11):1329-37 [PMID: 24103109]
  27. Epidemiology. 2006 Sep;17(5):562-8 [PMID: 16878042]
  28. J Pediatr. 1993 Jun;122(6):904-8 [PMID: 8501567]
  29. BMJ. 2011 Aug 25;343:d5094 [PMID: 21868478]
  30. BMJ Open. 2012 May 22;2(3): [PMID: 22619263]
  31. BMJ. 2010 Nov 30;341:c6495 [PMID: 21118875]
  32. Trop Med Int Health. 2005 Oct;10(10):956-60 [PMID: 16185229]
  33. Vaccine. 2006 May 29;24(22):4701-8 [PMID: 16621182]
  34. J Infect. 1984 Jan;8(1):13-21 [PMID: 6699411]
  35. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Mar;26(3):247-52 [PMID: 17484223]
  36. BMJ. 2010 Mar 09;340:c1101 [PMID: 20215360]
  37. Indian J Pediatr. 1991 Nov-Dec;58(6):821-3 [PMID: 1818878]
  38. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Mar;31(3):306-8 [PMID: 22189537]
  39. PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20;1:e101 [PMID: 17183634]
  40. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Sep 15;142(6):643-52 [PMID: 7653475]
  41. Int J Epidemiol. 1991 Jun;20(2):474-9 [PMID: 1917252]
  42. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989 Apr;8(4):197-200 [PMID: 2717273]
  43. JAMA. 2014 Feb 26;311(8):826-35 [PMID: 24570246]
  44. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jul 15;204(2):245-52 [PMID: 21673035]
  45. Vaccine. 2002 Nov 22;21(1-2):15-20 [PMID: 12443658]
  46. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 23;109(43):17537-42 [PMID: 22988082]
  47. Vaccine. 2005 Feb 25;23(14):1746-51 [PMID: 15705481]
  48. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):629-39 [PMID: 19640958]
  49. Vaccine. 2006 Jul 17;24(29-30):5718-25 [PMID: 16720061]
  50. Lancet. 2013 Apr 27;381(9876):1469-77 [PMID: 23498849]
  51. Arch Dis Child. 2012 Aug;97(8):685-91 [PMID: 22331681]
  52. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Jun;25(3):665-73 [PMID: 8671571]
  53. Vaccine. 2012 Nov 26;30(50):7300-8 [PMID: 23022401]
  54. BMJ. 2008 Jun 21;336(7658):1416-20 [PMID: 18558641]
  55. BMJ. 2000 Dec 9;321(7274):1435-8 [PMID: 11110734]

Grants

  1. 097318/Wellcome Trust

MeSH Term

Dietary Supplements
Humans
Immunity, Heterologous
Observational Studies as Topic
Population Surveillance
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Sex Factors
Vaccines
Vaccines, Inactivated
Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated
Vitamin A

Chemicals

Vaccines
Vaccines, Inactivated
Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated
Vitamin A
Editorial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review
Article has an altmetric score of 27

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0effectsinterventionsINDEPTHchildhoodmortalitymayvaccinesnon-specificlow-incomecountrieschildsituationsdifferentmeaslesvaccineassociatedincreasedBCGneonatalmembercentresmicronutrientsjustifiedassumedeffectsurvivalHoweverusuallystudiedrespectdisease/deficiency-specificoverallmorbiditymanypopulation-basedanticipatedexamplemeasles-preventivehigh-titre2-foldfemalereducesalthoughchildrendietuberculosisperiodvitaminreduceddifferboysgirlsreasonscontrastsexpectationsobservationslikelyimmunesystemlearnsspecificpreventioninterventiontrainingenhancereducesusceptibilityunrelatedinfectionsidealpositiondocumentadditionalfollowtotalpopulationlongtermproposedextendroutinedatacollectionplatformbettermeasureuselongerperspectivecomeplaystrongerroledefininghealthresearchissuesrelevanceinterventions:contributionHealthDemographicSurveillanceSystemsDTPNetwork

Similar Articles

Cited By (20)