Disease Ontology ID: DDTO:0000498

Disease Description: Failure of the vessel remnant joining the aorta and pulmonary artery in fetal life to close properly at birth, thereby shunting blood away from the lungs.

Inherit Mode: There is a sex-linked genetic predisposition for PDA: females are three times more likely to be affected than males, and PDA occurs disproportionately more often in specific breeds (see below), further indicating a genetic basis for the disorder. The exact lesion is hypoplasia of the smooth muscle of the wall of the ductus arteriosus; therefore, medications that cause ductal contraction (as used in children) are ineffective for PDA in dogs because the muscle tissue is missing from the wall of the ductus arteriosus.

Disease Symptom: With very few exceptions, PDA causes such a significant increase in the workload of the heart that without surgery, it causes congestive heart failure before a normal lifespan -- and often in the first year or two of life. Therefore, a suspicion of PDA requires confirmation (see below) and treatment via surgery. Dogs never "outgrow" a PDA, and most dogs are fully asymptomatic when they have it: PDA causes no symptoms until very late in its course, when permanent damage to the heart has occurred. The speed and degree of damage caused by PDA varies, depending on the magnitude of the defect. This cannot be known from physical examination alone; tests are needed to identify the size of the PDA (larger is worse) and the corresponding impact on the heart and the rest of the body's circulation. Most commonly with PDA, there is a shunt from the left to the right side of the heart, with blood from the higher pressure aorta continuously shunted to the main pulmonary artery. This means an increased volume of blood to the lungs which results in fluid accumulation in the lung tissue (pulmonary edema) and volume overload of the left heart. Left unchecked, these consequences may lead to life-threatening overt symptoms such as breathlessness very laboured breathing due to poor oxygenation, severely reduced tolerance of exercise, and even fainting or collapsing. Much less commonly (about 2% of PDA cases), there is a right-to-left shunt. This may be the case from birth, or it may develop because the PDA is so large that the pressure in the lungs, and resultant resistance to this pressure, markedly increase. In effect, the circulation is the same as when the dog was a fetus - that is, some of the blood leaving the right side of the heart bypasses the lungs entirely. This results in circulation of poorly oxygenated blood. Dogs with right-to-left shunting PDA classically have weakness or collapse of the hindlegs associated with exercise: they slow down and sit mid-walk and are reluctant to start again, but eventually do, only to slow down and sit again as the poorly-oxygenated hindlegs become weak and cramped.

Disease Cause: -

Disease Diagnose: Usually a PDA is first suspected when the veterinarian hears a telltale type of heart murmur -the "machinery," or "washing-machine" continuous heart murmur- with the stethoscope when examining a dog during puppyhood as part of a routine appointment for vaccinations. Much less commonly the heart murmur may go unnoticed until later, when overt symptoms emerge, as described above. Either way, any suspicion of PDA warrants confirmation, which requires thoracic radiographs (X-rays of the chest) and an echocardiogram (also called cardiac ultrasound, or sonogram of the heart). These tests identify the PDA itself, its secondary effects on the heart and lungs, and any concurrent, unrelated heart defects that sometimes can be masked by PDA and help to determine whether a dog is a good surgical candidate for PDA repair.

Treat Method: Surgery is recommended for all dogs with PDA, except the few (2%) that have right-to-left shunting and therefore, no heart murmur. Historically, surgery consisted of an operation under general anesthesia involving thoracotomy (open-chest, closed-heart procedure) to ligate the ductus and close it permanently with stitches. Nowadays, a minimally invasive procedure has replaced this approach in a majority of cases. The catheter-based approach, called deployment of an Amplatzer canine ductal occluder, involves passage of a self-expanding double-umbrella-shaped plug that closes the ductus from within. Like angioplasty in a person, this procedure does not require opening the chest, but rather is performed by passing a catheter through the femoral vein (in the groin) or jugular vein (in the neck). When surgery is performed early and successfully, the long-term outlook for a normal life is generally excellent. That is, surgery performed when there is only a murmur and the puppy feels well has the greatest chance of success: changes in the heart caused by the PDA can return to normal and there may be no permanent damage at all. Where there are overt symptoms, the treatment of choice remains surgery because the underlying problem must be corrected. The degree of secondary damage to the heart is highly variable and often can only be known in hindsight: the surgery must be performed and a recheck 6-8 weeks post-operatively reveals the degree of improvement and expected long-term outlook (i.e., whether medications will need to be given, whether a normal lifespan may be expeted, etc.). The problems associated with the far less common right-to-left shunt are managed without surgery. Treatment includes mild exercise restriction (avoiding vigorous or prolonged activity) and avoidance of stress. Medications, and/or periodic bloodletting (phlebotomy) can help improve circulation in these cases.

Breeder Advice: Dogs in whom PDA has been diagnosed, with or without surgical correction, should not be used for breeding. Their parents should not be bred either, and siblings should only be used after careful screening. If any affected offspring are born, breeding of the parents should be discontinued.

Disease Description Source: Link