The detail information of Hypothyroidism, congenital
OMIA Basic Information

Possible human homologues (MIM numbers):

Mendelian trait/disorder: yes

Mode of inheritance: Autosomal Recessive

Considered a defect: yes

Year key mutation first reported: 2003

Species-specific name: Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter

Species-specific symbol: CHG

More detail information can see in

Associated Breeds
iDog Breed Number Breed Name Personality Height Weight History Breed Source
CB106 French Bulldog 27.9-33 cm under 12.7 kg United Kingdom (England), France
CB202 American Rat Terrier 25.4-33 cm (miniature), 33-45.7 cm (standard) 4.5-11.3 kg United States
CB230 Spanish Water Dog 44.5-50.2 cm (male), 40-45.7 cm (female) 18.1-22.2 kg (male), 14.1-18.1 kg (female) Spain
CB247 Toy Fox Terrier 21.6-29.2 cm 1.6-3.2 kg United States
Associated Gene
There are no associated genes.
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
2016 Åhlgren,J.,Uimari,P.: :
Heritability of hypothyroidism in the Finnish Hovawart population. Acta Vet Scand 58:39, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27267591 . DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0221-8 .
2015 Bianchi,M.,Dahlgren,S.,Massey,J.,Dietschi,E.,Kierczak,M.,Lund-Ziener,M.,Sundberg,K.,Thoresen,S.I.,Kämpe,O.,Andersson,G.,Ollier,W.E.,Hedhammar,Å.,Leeb,T.,Lindblad-Toh,K.,Kennedy,L.J.,Lingaas,F.,RosengrenPielberg,G.: :
A Multi-Breed Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Canine Hypothyroidism Identifies a Shared Major Risk Locus on CFA12. PLoS One 10:e0134720, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26261983 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134720 .
2015 Major,S.,Pettigrew,R.W.,Fyfe,J.C.: :
Molecular Genetic Characterization of Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis in a French Bulldog. J Vet Intern Med 29:1534-40, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26478542 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13651 .
2015 Mazaki-Tovi,M.,Abood,S.K.,Kol,A.,Farkas,A.,Schenck,P.A.: :
Increased serum concentrations of adiponectin in canine hypothyroidism. Vet J 203:253-5, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 25555336 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.007 .
2015 Miller,J.,Popiel,J.,Chełmońska-Soyta,A.: :
Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Canine Hypothyroidism. J Comp Pathol :, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 25958183 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.03.003 .
2015 Oberbauer,A.M.,Belanger,J.M.,Bellumori,T.,Bannasch,D.L.,Famula,T.R.: :
Ten inherited disorders in purebred dogs by functional breed groupings. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2:9, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26401337 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0021-x .
2015 Voorbij,A.M.,Leegwater,P.A.,Buijtels,J.J.,Daminet,S.,Kooistra,H.S.: :
Central Hypothyroidism in Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 30:85-91, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26696394 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13818 .
2015 Ziener,M.L.,Dahlgren,S.,Thoresen,S.I.,Lingaas,F.: :
Genetics and epidemiology of hypothyroidism and symmetrical onychomadesis in the Gordon setter and the English setter. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2:12, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26401340 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0025-6 .
2014 Johnstone,T.,Terzo,E.,Mooney,C.T.: :
Hypothyroidism associated with acromegaly and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in a Samoyed. Aust Vet J 92:437-42, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 25290378 . DOI: 10.1111/avj.12237 .
2013 Bellumori,T.P.,Famula,T.R.,Bannasch,D.L.,Belanger,J.M.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1549-55, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23683021 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.11.1549 .
2013 Fyfe,J.C.,Lynch,M.,Olsen,J.,Louёr,E.: :
A thyroid peroxidase (TPO) mutation in dogs reveals a canid-specific gene structure. Mamm Genome 24:127-33, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23223904 . DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9442-y .
2012 Dodgson,S.E.,Day,R.,Fyfe,J.C.: :
Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in Tenterfield terriers. J Vet Intern Med 26:1350-7, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 23113744 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01015.x .
2011 Bojanic,K.,Acke,E.,Jones,B.: :
Congenital hypothyroidism of dogs and cats: A review. N Z Vet J 59:115-22, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21541884 . DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.567964 .
2007 Ferguson,DC.: :
Testing for hypothyroidism in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 37:647-69, v, 2007.
Pubmed reference: 17619004 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.05.015 .
2007 Graham,PA.,Refsal,KR.,Nachreiner,RF.: :
Etiopathologic findings of canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 37:617-31, v, 2007.
Pubmed reference: 17619002 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.05.002 .
2007 Pettigrew,R.,Fyfe,J.C.,Gregory,B.L.,Lipsitz,D.,Delahunta,A.,Summers,B.A.,Shelton,G.D.: :
CNS hypomyelination in Rat Terrier dogs with congenital goiter and a mutation in the thyroid peroxidase gene. Vet Pathol 44:50-6, 2007.
Pubmed reference: 17197623 . DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-1-50 .
2006 Kennedy,LJ.,Huson,HJ.,Leonard,J.,Angles,JM.,Fox,LE.,Wojciechowski,JW.,Yuncker,C.,Happ,GM.: :
Association of hypothyroid disease in Doberman Pinscher dogs with a rare major histocompatibility complex DLA class II haplotype. Tissue Antigens 67:53-6, 2006.
Pubmed reference: 16451201 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00518.x .
2005 Bruchim,Y.,Kushnir,A.,Shamir,MH.: :
L-thyroxine responsive cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with hypothyroidism in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 46:553-4, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 16300118 .
2003 Beaver,B.V.,Haug,L.I.: :
Canine behaviors associated with hypothyroidism Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 39:431-4, 2003.
Pubmed reference: 14518649 .
2003 Boretti,F.S.,Breyer-Haube,I.,Kaspers,B.,Reusch,C.E.: :
[Clinical, hematological, biochemical and endocrinological aspects of 32 dogs with hypothyroidism] Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 145:149-56, 158-9, 2003.
Pubmed reference: 12741092 .
2003 Fyfe,J.C.,Kampschmidt,K.,Dang,V.,Poteet,B.A.,He,Q.,Lowrie,C.,Graham,P.A.,Fetro,V.M.: :
Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in toy fox terriers Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17:50-7, 2003.
Pubmed reference: 12564727 .
2003 Hess,R.S.,Kass,P.H.,Van,Winkle,T.J.: :
Association between diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorticism, and atherosclerosis in dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17:489-94, 2003.
Pubmed reference: 12892299 .
2002 Anon.: :
Plasma T4 and TSH levels as important parameters for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 127:488-489, 2002.
Pubmed reference: 12219595 .
2002 Krishnamurthi,M.,Rajan,T.S.S.: :
Hypothyroidism in dogs Indian Veterinary Journal 79:166-167, 2002.
2002 McKeown,H.M.: :
Hypothyroidism in a boxer dog Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 43:553-555, 2002.
2002 McKeown,HM.: :
Hypothyroidism in a boxer dog. Can Vet J 43:553-5, 2002.
Pubmed reference: 12125189 .
2002 Nachreiner,R.M.F.,Refsal,K.R.,Graham,P.A.,Bowman,M.M.: :
Prevalence of serum thyroid hormone autoantibodies in dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220:466-471, 2002.
Pubmed reference: 11860240 .
2002 Reusch,C.E.,Gerber,B.,Boretti,F.S.: :
Serum fructosamine concentrations in dogs with hypothyroidism Veterinary Research Communications 26:531-536, 2002.
Pubmed reference: 12416867 .
2002 Reusch,C.E.,Nett,C.S.,Refsal,K.R.: :
Autoantibodies against thyroid hormones: a case report about a dog with hypothyroidism and increased concentrations of T4 and T3 Kleintierpraxis 47:595-+, 2002.
2001 Earl,J.: :
Hypothyroidism in a dog Veterinary Record 148:352, 2001.
Pubmed reference: 11316303 .
2001 Kemppainen,R.J.,Behrend,E.N.: :
Diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism - Perspectives from a testing laboratory Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 31:951-+, 2001.
2001 Panciera,D.L.: :
Conditions associated with canine hypothyroidism Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 31:935-+, 2001.
1999 Corcoran,B.M.,Dukes-McEwan,J.,Rhind,S.,French,A.: :
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a Staffordshire bull terrier with hypothyroidism Journal of Small Animal Practice 40:185-188, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10340250 .
1999 Dixon,R.M.,Mooney,C.T.: :
Evaluation of serum free thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations in the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism Journal of Small Animal Practice 40:72-78, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10088086 .
1999 Panciera,D.L.: :
Is it possible to diagnose canine hypothyroidism? Journal of Small Animal Practice 40:152-157, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10340243 .
1999 Plotnick,A.N.: :
Megaesophagus and hypothyroidism in an English Springer Spaniel and response to thyroxine supplementation Canine Practice 24:14-17, 1999.
1998 Bruner,J.M.,Scottmoncrieff,C.R.,Williams,D.A.: :
Effect of time of sample collection on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212:1572 ff., 1998.
1998 Greco,D.S.,Rosychuk,R.A.W.,Ogilvie,G.K.,Harpold,L.M.,Vanliew,C.H.: :
The effect of levothyroxine treatment on resting energy expenditure of hypothyroid dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 12:7-10, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9503354 .
1998 Hess,R.S.,Ward,C.R.: :
Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism in a dog Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34:204-207, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9590447 .
1998 Kemppainen,R.J.,Behrend,E.N.: :
Advances in diagnostic testing for canine hypothyroidism Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 20:673 ff., 1998.
1998 Pearson,P.D.,Mcginn,O.: :
Suspected hypothyroidism in Siberian Huskies Veterinary Record 142:616, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9682425 .
1998 Scottmoncrieff,J.C.R.,Nelson,R.W.,Bruner,J.M.,Williams,D.A.: :
Comparison of serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy dogs, hypothyroid dogs, and euthyroid dogs with concurrent disease Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212:387 ff., 1998.
1997 Anon.: :
Canine hypothyroidism project receives funding Journal of Small Animal Practice 38:535, 1997.
1997 Cain,J.,Panciera,D.,Ferguson,D.,Refsal,K.,Frank,L.,Scottmoncrieff,C.: :
Question and answer session - treatment Canine Practice 22:61-62, 1997.
1997 Christopher,M.M.: :
Hyperlipidemia and other clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with canine hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:37-38, 1997.
1997 Coates,J.R.: :
Neurologic manifestations of hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:27-28, 1997.
1997 Davidson,A.P.: :
Hypothyroidism - establishing the diagnosis in private practice Canine Practice 22:8-9, 1997.
1997 Dodds,J.,Greco,D.,Ferguson,D.,Nachreiner,R.,Nelson,R.,Ramsey,L.,Scottmoncrieff,C.,Peterson,M.,Cain,J.,Feldman,E.,Adler,S.,Green,R.,Duesberg,C.,Nichols,R.: :
Question and answer session - diagnostic testing Canine Practice 22:52-56, 1997.
1997 Dodds,W.J.: :
Autoimmune thyroiditis and polyglandular autoimmunity of purebred dogs Canine Practice 22:18-19, 1997.
1997 Ferguson,D.C.: :
Euthyroid sick syndrome Canine Practice 22:49-51, 1997.
1997 Greco,D.S.: :
Congenital canine hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:23-24, 1997.
1997 Greene,R.T.: :
Thyroid testing - the full circle Canine Practice 22:10-11, 1997.
1997 Hoppen,H.O.,Lohmann,P.,Schlote,S.,Gunzelapel,A.R.,Mullerkonig,A.,Grunau,B.,Hammerling,R.,Leidinger,K.,Morisse,B.,Nolte,I.: :
Specific measurement of canine tsh for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in the dog [German] Praktische Tierarzt 78:13-17, 1997.
1997 Johnson,C.A.,Nachreiner,R.F.,Mullaney,T.P.,Olivier,N.B.: :
Reproductive manifestations of hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:29-30, 1997.
1997 Kienle,R.D.: :
The effects of hypothyroidism on the cardiovascular system Canine Practice 22:33-34, 1997.
1997 Kintzer,P.P.: :
Tsh and trh stimulation testing Canine Practice 22:47-48, 1997.
1997 Lieb,A.S.,Grooters,A.M.,Tyler,J.W.,Partington,B.P.,Pechman,R.D.: :
Tetraparesis due to vertebral physeal fracture in an adult dog with congenital hypothyroidism Journal of Small Animal Practice 38:364-367, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9282344 .
1997 Nachreiner,R.F.,Refsal,K.R.: :
The Michigan State University thyroid function profile Canine Practice 22:45-46, 1997.
1997 Nelson,R.: :
International symposium on canine hypothyroidism - August 3 and 4, 1996 - University of California, Davis - Davis, California - preface Canine Practice 22:4, 1997.
1997 Nelson,R.W.: :
Use of baseline thyroid hormone concentrations for diagnosing canine hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:39-40, 1997.
1997 Nelson,R.,Rosychuck,R.,Scottmoncrieff,C.,Ferguson,D.,Panciera,D.,Johnson,C.,Dodds,J.,Thacker,E.,Henderson,K.,Refsal,K.,Wolfsheimer,K.,Kienle,R.,Peterson,M.,Greco,D.,Frank,L.: :
Clinical manifestations Canine Practice 22:35-36, 1997.
1997 Neumann,S.: :
Hypothyroidism as a possible cause of lameness in two dogs [German] Praktische Tierarzt 78:1040 ff., 1997.
1997 Panciera,D.L.: :
Does abnormal hemostasis occur in canine hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:31-32, 1997.
1997 Panciera,D.L.: :
Treatment of hypothyroidism - consequences and complications Canine Practice 22:57-58, 1997.
1997 Peterson,M.E.,Melian,C.,Nichols,R.: :
Measurement of serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211:1396 ff., 1997.
1997 Ramsey,I.K.,Evans,H.,Herrtage,M.E.: :
Thyroid-stimulating hormone and total thyroxine concentrations in euthyroid, sick euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs Journal of Small Animal Practice 38:540-545, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9444634 .
1997 Ramsey,I.,Herrtage,M.: :
Distinguishing normal, sick, and hypothyroid dogs using total thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations Canine Practice 22:43-44, 1997.
1997 Refsal,K.R.,Nachreiner,R.F.: :
Thyroid hormone autoantibodies in the dog - their association with serum concentrations of iodothyronines and thyrotropin and distribution by age, sex, and breed of dog Canine Practice 22:16-17, 1997.
1997 Refsal,K.R.,Nachreiner,R.F.: :
Laboratory monitoring of thyroid supplementation Canine Practice 22:59-60, 1997.
1997 Rosychuk,R.A.W.: :
Dermatologic manifestations of canine hypothyroidism and the usefulness of dermatohistopathology in establishing a diagnosis Canine Practice 22:25-26, 1997.
1997 Scottmoncrieff,J.C.: :
Serum canine thyrotropin concentrations in experimental and spontaneous canine hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:41-42, 1997.
1997 Sparkes,C.: :
Canine hypothyroidism - a breeders perspective Canine Practice 22:7, 1997.
1997 Thacker,E.L.: :
Etiology of adult-onset canine autoimmune hypothyroidism Canine Practice 22:12-13, 1997.
1997 Thorpevargas,S.,Refsal,K.,Dodds,J.,Pedersen,N.,Young,D.,Thacker,E.,Ferguson,D.,Sparkes,C.,Davidson,A.,Henderson,K.,Segal,P.,Scottmoncrieff,C.,Frank,L.,Johnson,C.,Peterson,M.,Green,R.,Nachreiner,R.,Nelson,R.,Lynch,D.: :
Etiopathogenesis Canine Practice 22:20-22, 1997.
1997 Young,D.W.: :
Antibodies to thyroid hormone and thyroglobulin in canine autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis Canine Practice 22:14-15, 1997.
1996 Anon.: :
Canine hypothyroidism investigation receives grant Journal of Small Animal Practice 37:614, 1996.
1996 Benjamin,S.A.,Stephens,L.C.,Hamilton,B.F.,Saunders,W.J.,Lee,A.C.,Angleton,G.M.,Mallinckrodt,C.H.: :
Associations between lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and thyroid neoplasia in beagles Veterinary Pathology 33:486-494, 1996.
Pubmed reference: 8885174 .
1996 Dixon,R.M.,Graham,P.A.,Mooney,C.T.: :
Serum thyrotropin concentrations - a new diagnostic test for canine hypothyroidism Veterinary Record 138:594-595, 1996.
Pubmed reference: 8799987 .
1996 Dixon,R.M.,Mooney,C.T.: :
Investigation of canine hypothyroidism Veterinary Record 139:400, 1996.
Pubmed reference: 8913019 .
1996 Hilsenroth,R.: :
Hypothyroidism Canine Practice 21:1, 1996.
1996 Kemppainen,R.J.,Young,D.W.,Behrend,E.N.,Clark,T.P.,Smiley,S.D.: :
Autoantibodies to triiodothyronine and thyroxine in a golden retriever Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32:195-198, 1996.
Pubmed reference: 8731132 .
1996 Kraft,W.,Ruschig,S.: :
Canine thyroid stimulating hormone (c-tsh) as a diagnostic aid in canine hypothyroidism [German] Kleintierpraxis 41:795 ff., 1996.
1996 Mailles,A.,Lugardon,B.,Chetboul,V.,Siliart,B.,Pouchelon,J.L.: :
A clinical case of hypothyroidism with cardiovascular complications in a female Schnauzer [French] Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire 172:339-343, 1996.
1996 Nelson,R.W.: :
Diagnosis and treatment of canine hypothyroidism Veterinary Quarterly 18:S 29-S 31, 1996.
1996 Paradis,M.,Page,N.,Lariviere,N.,Fontaine,M.: :
Serum-free thyroxine concentrations, measured by chemiluminescence assay before and after thyrotropin administration in healthy dogs, hypothyroid dogs, and euthyroid dogs with dermathopathies Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 37:289-294, 1996.
1995 Dodds,W.J.: :
Hypothyroidism and von Willebrand factor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206:594-595, 1995.
Pubmed reference: 7744675 .
1995 Doliger,S.,Delverdier,M.,More,J.,Longeart,L.,Regnier,A.,Magnol,J.P.: :
Histochemical study of cutaneous mucins in hypothyroid dogs Veterinary Pathology 32:628-634, 1995.
Pubmed reference: 8592797 .
1995 Grunau,B.,Nolte,I.,Hoppen,H.O.: :
The TRH-test for the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism [German] Kleintierpraxis 40:515 ff., 1995.
1995 Jackson,H.A.: :
A case of concurrent sarcoptes scabiei infestation and hypothyroidism in a dog Veterinary Dermatology 6:21-25, 1995.
1995 Panciera,D.L.,Johnson,G.S.: :
Hypothyroidism and von Willebrand factor - Reply Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206:595-596, 1995.
1995 Thacker,E.L.,Davis,J.M.,Refsal,K.R.,Bull,R.W.: :
Isolation of thyroid peroxidase and lack of autoantibodies to the enzyme in dogs with autoimmune thyroid disease American Journal of Veterinary Research 56:34-38, 1995.
Pubmed reference: 7695146 .
1994 Jaggy,A.,Jun,T.G.,Tipold,A.: :
Neurological Signs Related to Hypothyroidism in the Dog - Review of the Literature and Case Reports Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde 136:257-264, 1994.
Pubmed reference: 8091179 .
1994 Panciera,D.L.: :
Hypothyroidism in Dogs - 66 Cases (1987-1992) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204:761-767, 1994.
Pubmed reference: 8175472 .
1994 Panciera,D.L.,Johnson,G.S.: :
Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration in dogs with hypothyroidism Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205:1550-1553, 1994.
Pubmed reference: 7730121 .
1993 Barrie,J.,Watson,T.D.G.,Stear,M.J.,Nash,A.S.: :
Plasma Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Concentrations in the Dog - The Effects of Age, Breed, Gender and Endocrine Disease Journal of Small Animal Practice 34:507-512, 1993.
1993 Ford,S.L.,Nelson,R.W.,Feldman,E.C.,Niwa,D.: :
Insulin Resistance in 3 Dogs with Hypothyroidism and Diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202:1478-1480, 1993.
Pubmed reference: 8496104 .
1993 Mooney,C.T.,Anderson,T.J.: :
Congenital Hypothyroidism in a Boxer Dog Journal of Small Animal Practice 34:31-35, 1993.
1993 Sullivan,P.,Gompf,R.,Schmeitzel,L.,Clift,R.,Cottrell,M.,Mcdonald,T.P.: :
Altered Platelet Indices in Dogs with Hypothyroidism and Cats with Hyperthyroidism American Journal of Veterinary Research 54:2004-2009, 1993.
Pubmed reference: 8116929 .
1990 Miller,W.H.,Buerger,R.G.: :
Cutaneous Mucinous Vesiculation in a Dog with Hypothyroidism Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 196:757-759, 1990.
Pubmed reference: 2307615 .
1989 Verschueren,C.,Belshaw,B.E.: :
Canine Hypothyroidism - Etiology, Incidence, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Annales de Medecine Veterinaire 133:565-581, 1989.