The detail information of Diabetes mellitus
Basic Information
Disease Ontology ID: DDTO:0000015
Disease Description: A metabolic disease caused by insulin deficiency and characterized by the inability to utilize sugars normally.
Inherit Mode: In keeshonds, diabetes mellitus is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The mode of inheritance has not been determined in other breeds.
Disease Symptom: In dogs with the most severe form of inherited diabetes mellitus, signs are usually apparent by 6 months of age. Pups drink and eat more than normal, and yet grow very slowly. They urinate frequently, and their stools are soft. In other dogs, diabetes mellitus does not develop until middle age. The signs of uncomplicated diabetes are typical - increased eating, drinking, and urination, with weight loss - all of which are a result of increased levels of glucose in the blood and urine. Over the long term, this can lead to the development of cataracts, increased susceptibiIity to bacterial infections (especially of the urinary tract), liver disease, and pancreatitis. Eventually, untreated diabetic dogs will develop ketoacidosis, a very serious condition. Signs of ketoacidosis include depression, weakness, vomiting, and irregular breathing patterns.
Disease Cause: -
Disease Diagnose: The diagnosis is made based on the typical clinical signs - increased eating, drinking, and urination, with weight loss - together with persistently elevated levels of glucose in both the blood and the urine. Ketones may also be present in the urine. Your veterinarian will do a complete laboratory work-up, to see if there is any other condition that may be causing or contributing to, or occurring as a result of, the diabetes mellitus. S/he may start your dog on insulin treatment before receiving all the laboratory results.
Treat Method: In the diabetic dog without any other illness, the goals of therapy are to achieve near-normal blood glucose levels and minimize the daily variation in those levels. This is important to prevent the complications that develop over time in poorly controlled diabetic patients. Treatment includes insulin administration, diet, and exercise, all of which your veterinarian will discuss with you. Emergency treatment for dogs with ketoacidois includes intravenous fluids and fast-acting insulin. Once the animal is stable, a regular regime of longer-acting insulin, diet, and exercise can be established.
Breeder Advice: In keeshonds, both parents of affected dogs should be considered carriers and should not be used for further breeding. In other breeds, where less is known about the inheritance of this condition, affected dogs should not be bred, and parents and siblings should be considered potential carriers.
Disease Description Source: Link
Associated Diseases
| Disease Name | Other Name | Mode of inheritance | Link ID | Possible OMIM ID | Gene |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | - | Multifactorial | - | ||
| Diabetes | - | - | - | - |
Associated Breeds
| iDog Breed Number | Breed Name | Personality | Height | Weight | Breed Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CB5 | Alaskan Malamute | Affectionate, loyal, playful but dignified | 63.5 cm (male), 58.4 cm (female) | 38.6 kg (male), 34 kg (female) | United States |
| CB67 | Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | Affectionate, graceful, and gentle. | 30.5-33 cm | 5.9-8.2 kg | United Kingdom (England) |
| CB75 | Chow Chow | Serious-minded, dignified, bright, and aloof | 43.2-50.8 cm | 20.4-31.8 kg | China |
| CB88 | Doberman Pinscher | Alert, fearless, loyal, and highly trainable | 66-71.1 cm (male), 61-66 cm (female) | 34-45.4 kg (male), 27.2-40.8 kg (female) | Germany |
| CB97 | English Springer Spaniel | Friendly, playful, obedient at home; hardworking and steady in the field | 50.8 cm (male), 48.3 cm (female) | 22.7 kg (male), 18.1 kg (female) | United Kingdom (England) |
| CB104 | Finnish Spitz | Eager, courageous, friendly, and faithful | 44.5-50.8 cm (male), 39.4-45.7 cm (female) | 11.3-15 kg (male), 9.1-12.7 kg (female) | Finland |
| CB116 | Golden Retriever | Intelligent, friendly, and devoted. | 58.4-61 cm (male), 54.6-57.2 cm (female) | 29.5-34 kg (male), 24.9-29.5 kg (female) | United Kingdom (Scotland) |
| CB141 | Keeshond | Outgoing, lively, friendly to all; a lover, not a fighter | 45.7 cm (male), 43.2 cm (female) | 15.9-20.4 kg | Netherlands, Germany |
| CB147 | Labrador Retriever | Friendly and outgoing, Labs play well with others | 57.2-62.2 cm (male), 54.6-59.7 cm (female) | 29.5-36.3 kg (male), 24.9-31.8 kg (female) | Canada, United Kingdom (England) |
| CB161 | Miniature Schnauzer | Friendly, smart, obedient | 30.5-35.6 cm | 5-9.1 kg | Germany |
| CB174 | Old English Shepherd Dog | Adaptable, smart, gentle; OES are famous for their sweet, agreeable nature | 55.9 cm & up (male), 53.3 cm & up (female) | 27.2-45.4 kg | United Kingdom (England) |
| CB212 | Schipperke | Alert, curious, confident; intense, but with a dash of mischief and impudence | 27.9-33 cm (male), 25.4-30.5 cm (female) | 4.5-7.3 kg | Belgium |
| CB268 | Miniature Poodle | Intelligent, Eager-to-please , Charming companion | 25-38 cm | 4.5-6.8kg | France&Germany |
| CB269 | Standard Poodle | Intelligent and quick-to-please | 56-66 cm | ||
| CB270 | Toy Poodle | Intelligent, eager to please, quick to learn and an affectionate, loyal pet. | under 25 cm | ||
| CB255 | West Highland White Terrier | Happy, smart, loyal, entertaining | 27.9 cm (male). 25.4 cm, female | 6.8-9.1 kg | United Kingdom (Scotland) |
| CB18 | Azawakh | Loyal, Independent, Deeply Affectionate | 25-29 inches (male), 23.5-27.5 inches (female) | 44-55 pounds (male), 33-44 pounds (female) | Mali |
| CB68 | Central Asian Shepherd Dog | Independent, Courageous, Self-Confident | 25.5-27.5 inches | 88-110 pounds | Russia |
| CB99 | Entlebucher Mountain Dog | Enthusiastic, loyal, smart; confident but not aggressive | 43.2-53.3 cm (male), 40.6-50.8 cm (female) | 24.9-29.5 kg | Switzerland |
| CB105 | Flat-Coated Retriever | Happy, confident, intelligent, and forever young | 58.4-62.2 cm (male), 55.9-59.7 cm (female) | 27.2-31.8 kg | United Kingdom |
| CB142 | Irish Blue Terrier | Smart and alert; people oriented, with a dash of Irish humor in his heart | 45.7-49.5 cm (male), 44.5-48.3 cm (female) | 15-18.1 kg (male), females weigh slightly less than males | Ireland |
| CB148 | Lagotto Romagnolo(Romagna Water Dog) | Easygoing, affectionate, and eager to please | 43.2-48.3 cm (male), 40.6-45.7 cm (female) | 12.9-15.9 kg (male), 10.9-14.1 kg (female) | Italy |
| CB206 | Russell Terrier | Alert, lively, inquisitive, and friendly | 25.4-30.5 cm | 4.1-6.8 kg | United Kingdom (England) |
| CB211 | Schapendoes | Friendly, high spirited, and affectionate | Netherlands | ||
| CB213 | Scottish Deerhound | Dignified, gentle, polite; quietly intelligent and perceptive | 76.2-81.3 cm (male), 71.1 cm & up (female) | 38.6-49.9 kg (male), 34-43.1 kg (female) | United Kingdom (Scotland) |
| CB222 | Skye Terrier | Plucky but dignified, calm but sometimes stubborn; famously loyal and devoted | 25.4 cm (male), 24.1 cm (female) | 15.9-20.4 kg (male), slightly lighter (female) | United Kingdom (Scotland) |
Associated Disease Variants from OMIA
Gene Differential Expression
References
| 2021 |
Denyer,A.L.,Catchpole,B.,Davison,L.J.: :
Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus part 1: Phenotypes of disease. Vet J 270:105611, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33641807 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105611 . |
| 2021 |
Denyer,A.L.,Catchpole,B.,Davison,L.J.: :
Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus part 2: Current understanding and future directions. Vet J 270:105612, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33641811 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105612 . |
| 2021 |
Sanz,C.R.,Sevane,N.,Pérez-Alenza,M.D.,Valero-Lorenzo,M.,Dunner,S.: :
Polymorphisms in canine immunoglobulin heavy chain gene cluster: a double-edged sword for diabetes mellitus in the dog. Anim Genet :, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33621396 . DOI: 10.1111/age.13047 . |
| 2020 |
Denyer,A.L.,Massey,J.P.,Davison,L.J.,Ollier,W.E.R.,Catchpole,B.,Kennedy,L.J.: :
Dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotypes and risk of canine diabetes mellitus in specific dog breeds. Canine Med Genet 7:15, 2020. Pubmed reference: 33292601 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00093-9 . |
| 2020 |
Mui,M.L.,Famula,T.R.,Henthorn,P.S.,Hess,R.S.: :
Heritability and complex segregation analysis of naturally-occurring diabetes in Australian Terrier Dogs. PLoS One 15:e0239542, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32970763 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239542 . |
| 2019 |
Cai,S.V.,Famula,T.R.,Oberbauer,A.M.,Hess,R.S.: :
Heritability and complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus in American Eskimo Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 33:1926-1934, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31318104 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15570 . |
| 2019 |
Hess,R.,Henthorn,P.,Devoto,M.,Wang,F.,Feng,R.: :
An exploratory association analysis of the insulin gene region with diabetes mellitus in two dog breeds. J Hered :, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31587057 . DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz059 . |
| 2017 |
Davison,L.J.,Holder,A.,Catchpole,B.,O'Callaghan,C.A.: :
The Canine POMC Gene, Obesity in Labrador Retrievers and Susceptibility to Diabetes Mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 31:343-348, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28176381 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14636 . |
| 2016 |
Brito-Casillas,Y.,Melián,C.,Wägner,A.M.: :
Study of the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus through animal models. Endocrinol Nutr 63:345-53, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27246633 . DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2016.03.011 . |
| 2014 |
Short,A.D.,Holder,A.,Rothwell,S.,Massey,J.,Scholey,R.,Kennedy,L.J.,Catchpole,B.,Ollier,W.E.: :
Searching for "monogenic diabetes" in dogs using a candidate gene approach. Canine Genet Epidemiol 1:8, 2014. Pubmed reference: 26401325 . DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-8 . |
| 2013 |
Catchpole,B.,Adams,J.P.,Holder,A.L.,Short,A.D.,Ollier,W.E.,Kennedy,L.J.: :
Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus: are the diabetes susceptibility genes identified in humans involved in breed susceptibility to diabetes mellitus in dogs? Vet J 195:139-47, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23265864 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.013 . |
| 2010 |
Fall,T.,Hedhammar,A.,Wallberg,A.,Fall,N.,Ahlgren,K.M.,Hamlin,H.H.,Lindblad-Toh,K.,Andersson,G.,Kämpe,O.: :
Diabetes mellitus in elkhounds is associated with diestrus and pregnancy. J Vet Intern Med 24:1322-8, 2010. Pubmed reference: 21054539 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0630.x . |
| 2008 |
Catchpole,B.,Kennedy,LJ.,Davison,LJ.,Ollier,WE.: :
Canine diabetes mellitus: from phenotype to genotype. J Small Anim Pract 49:4-10, 2008. Pubmed reference: 17617163 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00398.x . |
| 2007 |
Short,AD.,Catchpole,B.,Kennedy,LJ.,Barnes,A.,Fretwell,N.,Jones,C.,Thomson,W.,Ollier,WE.: :
Analysis of candidate susceptibility genes in canine diabetes. J Hered 98:518-25, 2007. Pubmed reference: 17611256 . DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esm048 . |
| 2006 |
Kennedy,LJ.,Davison,LJ.,Barnes,A.,Short,AD.,Fretwell,N.,Jones,CA.,Lee,AC.,Ollier,WE.,Catchpole,B.: :
Identification of susceptibility and protective major histocompatibility complex haplotypes in canine diabetes mellitus. Tissue Antigens 68:467-76, 2006. Pubmed reference: 17176436 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00716.x . |
| 2005 |
Catchpole,B.,Ristic,JM.,Fleeman,LM.,Davison,LJ.: :
Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teach us new tricks? Diabetologia 48:1948-56, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16151773 . DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1921-1 . |
| 2005 |
Cullen,CL.,Ihle,SL.,Webb,AA.,McCarville,C.: :
Keratoconjunctival effects of diabetes mellitus in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 8:215-24, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16008700 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00389.x . |
| 2005 |
Davison,L.: :
Determining the genetics of canine diabetes mellitus. J Small Anim Pract 46:464, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16167601 . |
| 2005 |
Davison,LJ.,Herrtage,ME.,Catchpole,B.: :
Study of 253 dogs in the United Kingdom with diabetes mellitus. Vet Rec 156:467-71, 2005. Pubmed reference: 15828742 . |
| 2005 |
Magori,E.,Nakamura,M.,Inoue,A.,Tanaka,A.,Sasaki,N.,Fukuda,H.,Mizutani,H.,Sako,T.,Kimura,N.,Arai,T.: :
Malate dehydrogenase activities are lower in some types of peripheral leucocytes of dogs and cats with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Res Vet Sci 78:39-44, 2005. Pubmed reference: 15500838 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.06.001 . |
| 2005 |
Monroe,WE.,Laxton,D.,Fallin,EA.,Richter,KP.,Santen,DR.,Panciera,DL.,Towell,TL.,Williams,KA.,Hart,JR.,Hill,S.,Finkler,MR.,Shinn,JS.: :
Efficacy and safety of a purified porcine insulin zinc suspension for managing diabetes mellitus in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 19:675-82, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16231711 . |
| 2004 |
Fincham,SC.,Drobatz,KJ.,Gillespie,TN.,Hess,RS.: :
Evaluation of plasma-ionized magnesium concentration in 122 dogs with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 18:612-7, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15515574 . |
| 2004 |
Vargas,AM.,Barros,RP.,Zampieri,RA.,Okamoto,MM.,deCarvalhoPapa,P.,Machado,UF.: :
Abnormal subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in obese and insulin-treated diabetic female dogs. Braz J Med Biol Res 37:1095-101, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15264018 . DOI: /S0100-879X2004000700020 . |
| 2004 |
Rand,JS.,Fleeman,LM.,Farrow,HA.,Appleton,DJ.,Lederer,R.: :
Canine and feline diabetes mellitus: nature or nurture? J Nutr 134:2072S-2080S, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15284406 . |
| 2004 |
Fracassi,F.,Pietra,M.,Boari,A.,Aste,G.,Giunti,M.,Famigli-Bergamini,P.: :
Breed distribution of canine diabetes mellitus in Italy. Vet Res Commun 28 Suppl 1:339-42, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15372992 . |
| 2003 |
Casella,M.,Wess,G.,Hassig,M.,Reusch,C.E.: :
Home monitoring of blood glucose concentration by owners of diabetic dogs Journal of Small Animal Practice 44:298-305, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12866927 . |
| 2003 |
Good,K.L.,Maggs,D.J.,Hollingsworth,S.R.,Scagliotti,R.H.,Nelson,R.W.: :
Corneal sensitivity in dogs with diabetes mellitus American Journal of Veterinary Research 64:7-11, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12518871 . |
| 2003 |
Guptill,L.,Glickman,L.,Glickman,N.: :
Time trends and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in dogs: analysis of veterinary medical data base records (1970-1999) Veterinary Journal 165:240-7, 2003. |
| 2003 |
Hess,R.S.,Ilan,I.: :
Renal abscess in a dog with transient diabetes mellitus Journal of Small Animal Practice 44:13-6, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12570346 . |
| 2003 |
Hess,R.S.,Kass,P.H.,Van,Winkle,T.J.: :
Association between diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorticism, and atherosclerosis in dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17:489-94, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12892299 . |
| 2002 |
Casella,M.,Wess,G.,Reusch,C.E.: :
Measurement of capillary blood glucose concentrations by pet owners: A new tool in the management of diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38:239-245, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12022410 . |
| 2002 |
Webb,C.B.: :
Troubleshooting the diabetic small animal patient Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17:79-85, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12219721 . DOI: 10.1053/svms.2002.33037 . |
| 2002 |
Stein,J.E.,Greco,D.S.: :
Portable blood glucose meters as a means of monitoring blood glucose concentrations in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17:70-72, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12219719 . DOI: 10.1053/svms.2002.33041 . |
| 2002 |
Prathaban,S.,Gnanaprakasam,V.: :
Complications of canine diabetes mellitus - A clinical survey Indian Veterinary Journal 79:1259-1261, 2002. |
| 2002 |
McGuire,N.C.,Schulman,R.,Ridgway,M.D.,Bollero,G.: :
Detection of occult urinary tract infections in dogs with diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38:541-544, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12428885 . |
| 2002 |
Kimmel,S.E.,Ward,C.R.,Henthorn,P.S.,Hess,R.S.: :
Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Samoyed dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:235-8, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12022409 . DOI: 10.5326/0380235 . |
| 2002 |
Hoenig,M.: :
Comparative aspects of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology 197:221-229, 2002. |
| 2002 |
Greco,D.S.: :
Diabetes mellitus: Monitoring and management in small animals - Foreword Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17:VI, 2002. |
| 2002 |
Bennett,N.: :
Monitoring techniques for diabetes mellitus in the dog and the cat Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17:65-69, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12219718 . DOI: 10.1053/svms.2002.33044 . |
| 2002 |
Behrend,E.N.: :
Diabetes mellitus: An update on oral hypoglycemic agents and monitoring options Veterinary Medicine 97:743-+, 2002. |
| 2001 |
Reusch,C.E.,Wess,G.,Casella,M.: :
Home monitoring of blood glucose concentration in the management of diabetes mellitus Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 23:544-+, 2001. |
| 2000 |
Hess,R.S.,Ward,C.R.: :
Effect of insulin dosage on glycemic response in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216:217-221, 2000. Pubmed reference: 10649757 . |
| 2000 |
Horn,B.,Mitten,R.W.: :
Evaluation of an insulin zinc suspension for control of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in dogs Australian Veterinary Journal 78:831-834, 2000. Pubmed reference: 11194469 . |
| 2000 |
Nelson,R.W.,Robertson,J.,Feldman,E.C.,Briggs,C.: :
Effect of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on control of glycemia in dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216:1265-1269, 2000. Pubmed reference: 10767967 . |
| 2000 |
Hess,R.S.,Kass,P.H.,Ward,C.R.: :
Breed distribution of dogs with diabetes mellitus admitted to a tertiary care facility Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216:1414-1417, 2000. Pubmed reference: 10800511 . |
| 2000 |
Hess,R.S.,Saunders,H.P.,Van,Winkle,T.J.,Ward,C.R.: :
Concurrent disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217:1166-1173, 2000. Pubmed reference: 11043687 . |
| 2000 |
Briggs,C.E.,Nelson,R.W.,Feldman,E.C.,Elliott,D.A.,Neal,L.A.: :
Reliability of history and physical examination findings for assessing control of glycemia in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 53 cases (1995-1998) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217:48-53, 2000. Pubmed reference: 10909446 . |
| 1999 |
Forrester,S.D.,Troy,G.C.,Dalton,M.N.,Huffman,J.W.,Holtzman,G.: :
Retrospective evaluation of urinary tract infection in 42 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or diabetes mellitus or both Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13:557-560, 1999. Pubmed reference: 10587255 . |
| 1999 |
Nelson,R.W.,Feldman,E.C.: :
Insulin therapy for diabetic dogs and cats (reprinted from Proceedings of the 15th Waltham/Osu Symposium) Irish Veterinary Journal 52:328-+, 1999. |
| 1999 |
Remillard,R.L.: :
Nutritional management of diabetic dogs Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 21:699-+, 1999. |
| 1999 |
Sottiaux,J.: :
Atherosclerosis in a dog with diabetes mellitus Journal of Small Animal Practice 40:581-584, 1999. Pubmed reference: 10664956 . |
| 1998 |
Hess,R.S.,Ward,C.R.: :
Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism in a dog Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34:204-207, 1998. Pubmed reference: 9590447 . |
| 1998 |
Hess,R.S.,Ward,C.R.: :
Concurrent canine hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus - diagnosis and treatment Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 20:701 ff., 1998. |
| 1998 |
Loste,A.,Marca,M.C.: :
Diabetes mellitus in dogs - a study of the critical difference for canine serum fructosamine Veterinary Record 142:547-548, 1998. Pubmed reference: 9637382 . |
| 1998 |
Nelson,R.W.,Duesberg,C.A.,Ford,S.L.,Feldman,E.C.,Davenport,D.J.,Kiernan,C.,Neal,L.: :
Effect of dietary insoluble fiber on control of glycemia in dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212:380 ff., 1998. |
| 1998 |
Struble,A.L.,Feldman,E.C.,Nelson,R.W.,Kass,P.H.: :
Systemic hypertension and proteinuria in dogs with diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213:822 ff., 1998. |
| 1997 |
Minkus,G.,Breuer,W.,Arun,S.,Kirsch,M.,Muller,D.,Mueller,J.,Hermanns,W.: :
Ductuloendocrine cell proliferation in the pancreas of two young dogs with diabetes mellitus Veterinary Pathology 34:164-167, 1997. Pubmed reference: 9066086 . |
| 1997 |
Thoresen,S.I.,Lorenzen,F.H.: :
Treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs using isophane insulin penfills and the use of serum fructosamine assays to diagnose and monitor the disease Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 38:137-146, 1997. Pubmed reference: 9257449 . |
| 1997 |
Diez,M.,Istasse,L.: :
Dietary fibres in dogs .5. effects on glucose metabolism and use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus [Review] [French] Annales de Medecine Veterinaire 141:273 ff., 1997. |
| 1996 |
Kirsch,M.,Reusch,C.: :
Urinalysis in dogs with diabetes mellitus - does diabetic nephropathy occur in dogs - second communication [Hungarian] Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 51:719-720, 1996. |
| 1996 |
Montgomery,T.M.,Nelson,R.W.,Feldman,E.C.,Robertson,K.,Polonsky,K.S.: :
Basal and glucagon-stimulated plasma c-peptide concentrations in healthy dogs, dogs with diabetes mellitus, and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10:116-122, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8743209 . |
| 1996 |
Nelson,R.W.: :
Treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats Veterinary Quarterly 18:S 27-S 29, 1996. |
| 1996 |
Reusch,C.: :
Diabetes mellitus in the dog and cat - diagnosis, therapy and long-term monitoring [German] Praktische Tierarzt 77:98 ff., 1996. |
| 1996 |
Vankeulen,L.J.M.,Wesdorp,J.L.,Kooistra,H.S.: :
Diabetes mellitus in a dog with a growth hormone-producing acidophilic adenoma of the adenohypophysis Veterinary Pathology 33:451-453, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8817849 . |
| 1996 |
Yoshida,M.,Barata,K.,Jin,A.L.,Takahashi,M.,Maekawa,A.: :
A case report of superficial necrolytic dermatitis in a beagle dog with diabetes mellitus Toxicologic Pathology 24:498-501, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8864192 . |
| 1995 |
Nelson, R.W. :
Diabetes Mellitus W.B. Saunders Co., Toronto. S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman (eds.). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, p. 1510-1537 |
| 1995 |
Reusch,C.,Kirsch,M.,Vochezer,R.: :
The importance of fructosamine-analysis in the control of diabetes mellitus .1. Investigations in normal and diabetic dogs Kleintierpraxis 40:85, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Prathaban,S.,Gnanaprakasam,V.: :
Glycosylated haemoglobin in experimental and clinical canine diabetes mellitus Indian Veterinary Journal 72:265-268, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Plotnick,A.N.,Greco,D.S.: :
Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats - Contrasts and comparisons Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 25:563-570, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Peterson,M.E.: :
Diagnosis and management of insulin resistance in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 25:691-713, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Parthaban,S.,Gnanaprakasam,V.,Dhanapalan,P.: :
Canine diabetes mellitus - a clinical survey Indian Veterinary Journal 72:965-968, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Munana,K.R.: :
Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus .1. Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 25:715-730, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Jensen,A.L.: :
Glycated blood proteins in canine diabetes mellitus Veterinary Record 137:401-405, 1995. Pubmed reference: 8545938 . |
| 1995 |
Hoenig,M.: :
Pathophysiology of canine diabetes Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 25:553-561, 1995. |
| 1995 |
Elie,M.,Hoenig,M.: :
Canine immune-mediated diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 31:295-299, 1995. Pubmed reference: 7552660 . |
| 1995 |
Basher,A.W.P.,Roberts,S.M.: :
Ocular manifestations of diabetes mellitus: Diabetic cataracts in dogs Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 25:661-676, 1995. |
| 1994 |
Grooters,A.M.,Sherding,R.G.,Biller,D.S.,Johnson,S.E.: :
Hepatic Abscesses Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in 2 Dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 8:203-206, 1994. Pubmed reference: 8064655 . |
| 1994 |
Jensen,A.L.: :
Serum fructosamine as a screening test for diabetes mellitus in non-healthy middle-aged to older dogs Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A - Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe A - Physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine 41:480-484, 1994. |
| 1993 |
Barrie,J.,Watson,T.D.G.,Stear,M.J.,Nash,A.S.: :
Plasma Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Concentrations in the Dog - The Effects of Age, Breed, Gender and Endocrine Disease Journal of Small Animal Practice 34:507-512, 1993. |
| 1993 |
Ford,S.L.,Nelson,R.W.,Feldman,E.C.,Niwa,D.: :
Insulin Resistance in 3 Dogs with Hypothyroidism and Diabetes mellitus Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202:1478-1480, 1993. Pubmed reference: 8496104 . |
| 1990 |
Blaxter,A.C.,Gruffydd-Jones,T.J.: :
Concurrent Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperadrenocorticism in the Dog - Diagnosis and Management of 8 Cases Journal of Small Animal Practice 31:117-122, 1990. |
| 1989 |
Hoenig,M.,Ferguson,D.C.: :
Diabetes Mellitus in the Dog and Cat Companion Animal Practice 19:12-16, 1989. |
| 1988 |
Kramer,J.W.,Klaassen,J.K.,Baskin,D.G.,Prieur,D.J.,Rantanen,N.W.,Robinette,J.D.,Graber,W.R.,Rashti,L.: :
Inheritance of diabetes mellitus in Keeshond dogs American Journal of Veterinary Research 49:428-431, 1988. Pubmed reference: 3358555 . |
| 1982 |
Engerman,R.L.,Kramer,J.W.: :
Dogs with induced or spontaneous diabetes as models for the study of human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31:26-9, 1982. Pubmed reference: 6761192 . DOI: 10.2337/diab.31.1.s26 . |
| 1981 |
Kramer,J.W.: :
Animal model of human disease: Inherited early-onset, insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus in keeshond dogs. Am J Pathol 105:194-6, 1981. Pubmed reference: 7027806 . |
| 1980 |
Kramer,J.W.,Nottingham,S.,Robinette,J.,Lenz,G.,Sylvester,S.,Dessouky,M.I.: :
Inherited, early onset, insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus of Keeshond dogs. Diabetes 29:558-65, 1980. Pubmed reference: 6991341 . DOI: 10.2337/diab.29.7.558 . |
| 1960 |
Krook,L.,Larrson,S.,Rooney,J.T.: :
The interrelationship between diabetes mellitus, obesity and pyometra in the dog American Journal of Veterinary Research VL :120-124, 1960. |