The detail information of Elbow dysplasia
Basic Information

Disease Ontology ID: DDTO:0001086

Another Name: Elbow joint malformation

Disease Description: An abnormal development of the elbow joint.

Inherit Mode: This is a polygenic condition (more than one gene is necessary to cause the disease), although it is not currently known how many or which genes are responsible. Environmental factors such as over-feeding, which causes fast weight-gain and growth, can also affect the development of this condition in dogs that are genetically predisposed to it.

Disease Symptom: Lameness usually starts insidiously at 7 to 10 months of age. It is present every day, and may be most obvious when you dog first gets up, or starts to walk or run. The prognosis (the likely outcome) depends on how far the disease has progressed when treatment begins. Good clinical results (ie. your dog will not be painful) are usually seen if treatment starts early, before osteoarthritis (degenerative changes in the joint) has developed. If left untreated, your dogs pain and lameness will gradually get worse.

Disease Cause: -

Disease Diagnose: The initial lameness may be very subtle with this condition, and it may be some time before it can be documented or diagnosed. Your veterinarian will suspect elbow dysplasia if you have a young, fast-growing, large breed dog (especially those breeds listed above), with forelimb lameness and elbow pain. She will perform a physical exam and watch your dog walk or run to confirm which limb, and which joint, is painful. X-rays are necessary to diagnose elbow dysplasia. Your veterinarian will probably x-ray both elbows, because this disease is often present in both sides even if your dog is only lame on one side. If possible, she may do a CT scan; this technique will show certain bone fragments better than plain x-ray films.

Treat Method: Surgery is usually recommended to remove a bone or cartilage fragment. If unequal bone growth is the problem, surgery may help to relieve the pressure at the joint. Medical management recommendations include monitoring the diet (to avoid excess weight gain and fast growth), and controlling exercise. Medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may help with pain relief. "Chondroprotective agents" such as glucosamine may also be prescribed.

Breeder Advice: Do not breed affected dogs, or dogs which produce offspring with elbow dysplasia. The Orthopedic Foundation of America (OFA -www.offa.org) maintains an elbow registry screening programme, as do European organizations. The Institute for Genetic Disease Control in Animals (GDC -www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/gdc/gdc.html) provides evaluation of elbows as recommended by the International Elbow Working Group.

Disease Description Source: Link

Associated Diseases
Disease Name Other Name Mode of inheritance Link ID Possible OMIM ID Gene
Elbow dysplasia - Multifactorial - -
Associated Breeds
iDog Breed Number Breed Name Personality Height Weight Breed Source
CB22 Basset Hound Patient and low-key; a bit stubborn but always charming up to 38.1 cm 18.1-29.5 kg France
CB34 Bernese Mountain Dog Good-natured and calm. 63.5-71.1 cm (male), 58.4-66 cm (female) 39-49.9 kg (male), 35.8-49.9 kg (female) Switzerland
CB39 Bloodhound Sweet, easygoing, friendly to all; intense when working 63.5-68.6 cm (male), 58.4-63.5 cm (female) 40.8-49.9 kg (male), 36.3-45.4 kg (female) Belgium, France
CB59 Bullmastiff Affectionate, Loyal, Brave 25-27 inches (male), 24-26 inches (female) 110-130 pounds (male), 100-120 pounds (female) United Kingdom (England)
CB75 Chow Chow Serious-minded, dignified, bright, and aloof 43.2-50.8 cm 20.4-31.8 kg China
CB83 Dachshund Friendly, Curious, Spunky 20.3-22.9 cm (standard), 12.7-15.2 cm (miniature) 7.3-14.5 kg (standard), 5 kg & under (miniature) Germany
CB105 Flat-Coated Retriever Happy, confident, intelligent, and forever young 58.4-62.2 cm (male), 55.9-59.7 cm (female) 27.2-31.8 kg United Kingdom
CB110 German Shepherd Dog Smart, confident, courageous, and steady; a true dog lover's dog 61-66 cm (male), 55.9-61 cm (female) 29.5-40.8 kg (male), 22.7-31.8 kg (female) Germany
CB116 Golden Retriever Intelligent, friendly, and devoted. 58.4-61 cm (male), 54.6-57.2 cm (female) 29.5-34 kg (male), 24.9-29.5 kg (female) United Kingdom (Scotland)
CB119 Great Dane Friendly, patient, & dependable. 76.2-86.4 cm (male), 71.1-81.3 cm (female) 54.4-90.7 kg (male), 44.9-59 kg (female) Germany
CB120 Great Pyrenees Calm, patient, smart; strong-willed yet affectionate 68.6-81.3 cm (male), 63.5-73.7 cm (female) 45.4 kg & up (male), 38.6 kg & up (female) France, Spain
CB134 Irish Wolfhound Calm, dignified, kindly; courageous but not aggressive 81.3 cm minimum (male), 76.2 cm minimum (female) 54.4 kg (male), 47.6 kg (female) Ireland
CB144 Hungarian Komondor Dignified, brave, protective, steadfastly loyal 69.9 minimum cm (male), 64.8 minimum cm (female) 45.4 kg or more (male), 36.3 kg or more (female) Hungary
CB147 Labrador Retriever Friendly and outgoing, Labs play well with others 57.2-62.2 cm (male), 54.6-59.7 cm (female) 29.5-36.3 kg (male), 24.9-31.8 kg (female) Canada, United Kingdom (England)
CB157 English Mastiff Courageous and dignified, but good-natured and docile 76.2 cm & up (male), 69.9 cm & up (female) 72.6-104.3 kg (male), 54.4-77.1 kg (female) England
CB164 Neapolitan Mastiff Watchful and dignified; sweet, steady, and loyal with loved ones, calm but wary with strangers 66-78.7 cm (male), 61-73.7 cm (female) 68 kg (male), 49.9 kg (female) Italy
CB166 Newfoundland Sweet, patient, devoted; Newfs are famously good companions 71.1 cm (male), 66 cm (female) 59-68 kg (male), 45.4-54.4 kg (female) Canada
CB183 Pharaoh Hound Smart and alert; noble, but friendly and affectionate 58.4-63.5 cm (male), 53.3-61 cm (female) 20.4-24.9 kg Malta
CB205 Rottweiler Reserved with strangers and affectionate and loyal with his family. 61-68.6 cm (male), 55.9-63.5 cm (female) 49.9-59 kg (male), 34.9-49.9 kg (female) Germany
CB232 St. Bernard Friendly, patient, outgoing; known as a great “nanny dog” for kids 71.1-76.2 cm (males), 66-71.1 cm (female) 63.5-81.6 kg (male), 54.4-63.5 kg (female) Italy, Switzerland
CB252 Weimaraner Friendly, fearless, alert, obedient 63.5-68.6 cm (male), 58.4-63.5 cm (female) 31.8-40.8 kg (male), 24.9-34 kg (female) Germany
CB264 American Bulldog Gentle, loving family companion who is fearless enough to face an angry bull or a human intruder 55.9-68.6 cm (male), 50.8 to 63.5 cm (female) 34-45.5kg(male),27.2-36.3kg(female) United States
CB2 Afghan Hound Independent, sweet, silly 63.5-68.6 cm 22.7-27.2 kg Afghanistan
CB76 Cirneco dell'Etna Affectionate, Friendly, Independent 18-19.5 inches (male), 16.5-18 inches (female) 22-26 pounds (male), 17-22 pounds (female) Italy
CB78 Cocker Spaniel Happy, smart, gentle 36.8-39.4 cm (male), 34.3-36.8 cm (female) 11.3-13.6 kg (male), 9.1-11.3 kg (female)
CB98 English Toy Spaniel Affectionate, Alert, Merry 22.9-25.4 cm 3.6-6.4 kg England
CB111 German Short-Haired Pointer Friendly, smart, willing to please 58.4-63.5 cm (male), 53.3-58.4 cm (female) 24.9-31.8 kg (male), 20.4-27.2 kg (female) Germany
CB117 Gordon Setter Bold, confident, and resolute afield; sweetly affectionate by the fireside 61-68.6 cm (male), 58.4-66 cm (female) 24.9-36.3 kg (male), 20.4-31.8 kg (female) United Kingdom (Scotland)
CB148 Lagotto Romagnolo(Romagna Water Dog) Easygoing, affectionate, and eager to please 43.2-48.3 cm (male), 40.6-45.7 cm (female) 12.9-15.9 kg (male), 10.9-14.1 kg (female) Italy
CB167 Norfolk Terrier Alert, fearless, fun-loving, and more sociable than the usual terrier 22.9-25.4 cm 5-5.4 kg United Kingdom
CB206 Russell Terrier Alert, lively, inquisitive, and friendly 25.4-30.5 cm 4.1-6.8 kg United Kingdom (England)
CB253 Welsh Springer Spaniel Happy, upbeat, family oriented; reserved but not shy with strangers 45.7-48.3 cm (male), 43.2-45.7 cm (female) 18.1-24.9 kg (male), 15.9-22.7 kg (female) United Kingdom (Wales)
CB242 Tibetan Mastiff Mellow and calm around the house; devoted to family, reserved and territorial with strangers. 66-76.2 cm (male), 61-71.1 cm (female) 45.4-72.6 kg (male), 34-54.4 kg (female) Tibet
Associated Disease Variants from OMIA
Gene Differential Expression
References
2019 Alves-Pimenta,S.,Ginja,M.M.,Colaço,B.: :
Role of Elbow Incongruity in Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Advances in Diagnostics and Biomechanics. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 32:87-96, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 30703814 . DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1677513 .
2019 James,H.K.,McDonnell,F.,Lewis,T.W.: :
Effectiveness of Canine Hip Dysplasia and Elbow Dysplasia Improvement Programs in Six UK Pedigree Breeds. Front Vet Sci 6:490, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 32010712 . DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00490 .
2019 Baers,G.,Keller,G.G.,Famula,T.R.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Heritability of Unilateral Elbow Dysplasia in the Dog: A Retrospective Study of Sire and Dam Influence. Front Vet Sci 6:422, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 31824974 . DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00422 .
2018 Preston,T.,Wills,A.P.: :
A single hydrotherapy session increases range of motion and stride length in Labrador retrievers diagnosed with elbow dysplasia. Vet J 234:105-110, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29680380 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.013 .
2018 Soo,M.,Lopez-Villalobos,N.,Worth,A.J.: :
Heritabilities and genetic trends for elbow score as recorded by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Elbow Dysplasia Scheme (1992-2013) in four breeds of dog. N Z Vet J 66:154-161, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29457536 . DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1440652 .
2018 Tolhurst,P.: :
Benefits to breeds by using the hip and elbow health scheme. Vet Rec 183:136, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30054418 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.k3279 .
2017 Belanger,J.M.,Bellumori,T.P.,Bannasch,D.L.,Famula,T.R.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Correlation of neuter status and expression of heritable disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4:6, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28560045 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0044-6 .
2017 Huang,M.,Hayward,J.J.,Corey,E.,Garrison,S.J.,Wagner,G.R.,Krotscheck,U.,Hayashi,K.,Schweitzer,P.A.,Lust,G.,Boyko,A.R.,Todhunter,R.J.: :
A novel iterative mixed model to remap three complex orthopedic traits in dogs. PLoS One 12:e0176932, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28614352 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176932 .
2016 Nemanic,S.,Nixon,B.K.,Baltzer,W.: :
Analysis of risk factors for elbow dysplasia in giant breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 29:, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27471099 . DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-15-05-0175 .
2016 Hayward,J.J.,Castelhano,M.G.,Oliveira,K.C.,Corey,E.,Balkman,C.,Baxter,T.L.,Casal,M.L.,Center,S.A.,Fang,M.,Garrison,S.J.,Kalla,S.E.,Korniliev,P.,Kotlikoff,M.I.,Moise,N.S.,Shannon,L.M.,Simpson,K.W.,Sutter,N.B.,Todhunter,R.J.,Boyko,A.R.: :
Complex disease and phenotype mapping in the domestic dog. Nat Commun 7:10460, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 26795439 . DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10460 .
2015 Anon.: :
Canine health screening - making a difference to dogs. Vet Rec 177:584, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26667425 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.h6685 .
2015 Oberbauer,A.M.,Belanger,J.M.,Bellumori,T.,Bannasch,D.L.,Famula,T.R.: :
Ten inherited disorders in purebred dogs by functional breed groupings. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2:9, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26401337 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0021-x .
2014 Coopman,F.,Broeckx,B.,Verelst,E.,Deforce,D.,Saunders,J.,Duchateau,L.,Verhoeven,G.: :
Combined prevalence of inherited skeletal disorders in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 27:395-7, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 25078710 . DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-13-11-0140 .
2014 Lavrijsen,I.C.,Heuven,H.C.,Meij,B.P.,Theyse,L.F.,Nap,R.C.,Leegwater,P.A.,Hazewinkel,H.A.: :
Prevalence and co-occurrence of hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia in Dutch pure-bred dogs. Prev Vet Med 114:114-22, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 24588976 . DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.02.001 .
2013 Bellumori,T.P.,Famula,T.R.,Bannasch,D.L.,Belanger,J.M.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1549-55, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23683021 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.11.1549 .
2013 Böttcher,P.,Bräuer,S.,Werner,H.: :
Estimation of joint incongruence in dysplastic canine elbows before and after dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy. Vet Surg 42:371-6, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23458354 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2013.01085.x .
2013 Hou,Y.,Wang,Y.,Lu,X.,Zhang,X.,Zhao,Q.,Todhunter,R.J.,Zhang,Z.: :
Correction: Monitoring Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Achieved Modest Genetic Improvement of 74 Dog Breeds over 40 Years in USA. PLoS One 8:, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24204480 . DOI: 10.1371/annotation/92e1aa00-169b-45dc-9866-61034e061f6d .
2013 Hou,Y.,Wang,Y.,Lu,X.,Zhang,X.,Zhao,Q.,Todhunter,R.J.,Zhang,Z.: :
Monitoring Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Achieved Modest Genetic Improvement of 74 Dog Breeds over 40 Years in USA. PLoS One 8:e76390, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24124555 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076390 .
2013 Krontveit,R.I.,Sævik,B.K.: :
Challenges in tackling inherited skeletal disorders in the dog. Vet J 196:8-9, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23228513 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.005 .
2013 Les,C.M.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog: Engineering a better iron lung? Vet J :, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23395349 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.024 .
2013 Lewis,T.W.,Blott,S.C.,Woolliams,J.A.: :
Comparative analyses of genetic trends and prospects for selection against hip and elbow dysplasia in 15 UK dog breeds. BMC Genet 14:16, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23452300 . DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-16 .
2013 Michelsen,J.: :
Canine elbow dysplasia: aetiopathogenesis and current treatment recommendations. Vet J 196:12-9, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23266351 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.009 .
2012 Hartmann,P.,Stock,K.F.,Distl,O.: :
[Multivariate prediction of breeding values for canine hip and elbow dysplasia as well as humeral osteochondrosis in the Bernese mountain dog]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 125:432-40, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 23045807 .
2012 Lavrijsen,I.C.,Heuven,H.C.,Voorhout,G.,Meij,B.P.,Theyse,L.F.,Leegwater,P.A.,Hazewinkel,H.A.: :
Phenotypic and genetic evaluation of elbow dysplasia in Dutch Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet J :, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 22336139 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.001 .
2012 Pfahler,S.,Distl,O.: :
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Canine Hip Dysplasia and Canine Elbow Dysplasia in Bernese Mountain Dogs. PLoS One 7:e49782, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 23189162 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049782 .
2011 Stock,KF.,Klein,S.,Tellhelm,B.,Distl,O.: :
Genetic analyses of elbow and hip dysplasia in the German shepherd dog. J Anim Breed Genet 128:219-29, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21554416 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2010.00901.x .
2011 Woolliams,J.A.,Lewis,T.W.,Blott,S.C.: :
Canine hip and elbow dysplasia in UK Labrador retrievers. Vet J 189:169-76, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21737322 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.015 .
2011 Bockstahler,B.: :
The canine elbow: A joint in the focus of research. Vet J :, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21310636 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.031 .
2011 Keller,G.G.,Dziuk,E.,Bell,J.S.: :
How the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is tackling inherited disorders in the USA: using hip and elbow dysplasia as examples. Vet J 189:197-202, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21741865 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.019 .
2011 Lewis,T.W.,Ilska,J.J.,Blott,S.C.,Woolliams,J.A.: :
Genetic evaluation of elbow scores and the relationship with hip scores in UK Labrador retrievers. Vet J 189:227-33, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21737324 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.024 .
2010 Cachon,T.,Genevois,JP.,Remy,D.,Carozzo,C.,Viguier,E.,Maitre,P.,Arnault,F.,Fau,D.: :
Risk of simultaneous phenotypic expression of hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs: a study of 1,411 radiographic examinations sent for official scoring. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 23:28-30, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 19997665 . DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-08-11-0116 .
2010 Crispin,SM.,Turner,BM.: :
Changes to the BVA/KC Canine Health Schemes. Vet Rec 166:28, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 20045860 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.b5576 .
2010 Hartmann,P.,Stock,KF.,Distl,O.: :
[Multivariate genetic analysis of canine hip and elbow dysplasia as well as humeral osteochondrosis in the Bernese mountain dog]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 123:488-95, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 21141279 .
2010 Worth,AJ.,Bridges,JP.,Jones,G.: :
Reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four breeds of dog as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association scoring scheme. N Z Vet J 58:190-5, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 20676156 . DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.68864 .
2009 Clements,DN.,Short,AD.,Barnes,A.,Kennedy,LJ.,Ferguson,JF.,Butterworth,SJ.,Fitzpatrick,N.,Pead,M.,Bennett,D.,Innes,JF.,Carter,SD.,Ollier,WE.: :
A candidate gene study of canine joint diseases. J Hered 101:54-60, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19965910 . DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp088 .
2009 Cook,CR.,Cook,JL.: :
Diagnostic imaging of canine elbow dysplasia: a review. Vet Surg 38:144-53, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19236671 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00481.x .
2009 Engler,J.,Hamann,H.,Distl,O.: :
[Estimation of population genetic parameters for radiographical findings of elbow dsyplasia in the Labrador Retriever] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 122:378-85, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19863010 .
2009 Heine,A.,Hamann,H.,Tellhelm,B.,Distl,O.: :
[Estimation of population genetic parameters and breeding values for elbow dysplasia in Rottweilers] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 122:100-7, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19350808 .
2009 Huck,JL.,Biery,DN.,Lawler,DF.,Gregor,TP.,Runge,JJ.,Evans,RH.,Kealy,RD.,Smith,GK.: :
A longitudinal study of the influence of lifetime food restriction on development of osteoarthritis in the canine elbow. Vet Surg 38:192-8, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19236677 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00487.x .
2009 Lappalainen,A.K.,Mölsä,S.,Liman,A.,Laitinen-Vapaavuori,O.,Snellman,M.: :
Radiographic and computed tomography findings in Belgian shepherd dogs with mild elbow dysplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:364-9, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19697600 .
2009 Paster,ER.,Biery,DN.,Lawler,DF.,Evans,RH.,Kealy,RD.,Gregor,TP.,McKelvie,PJ.,Smith,GK.: :
Un-united medial epicondyle of the humerus: radiographic prevalence and association with elbow osteoarthritis in a cohort of labrador retrievers. Vet Surg 38:169-72, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19236674 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00484.x .
2008 Hammond,G.,Gemmill,T.,Mellor,D.,Sullivan,M.: :
Assessment of low-cost teleradiology for grading elbow dysplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:20-5, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18251289 .
2008 Coopman,F.,Verhoeven,G.,Saunders,J.,Duchateau,L.,VanBree,H.: :
Prevalence of hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia and humeral head osteochondrosis in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Rec 163:654-8, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 19043090 .
2008 Janutta,V.,Distl,O.: :
Review on canine elbow dysplasia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevalence and genetic aspects. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 115:172-81, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18547017 .
2008 Davidson,PT.,Bullock-Saxton,J.,Lisle,A.: :
Anthropometric measurements of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna in Labrador dogs with and without elbow dysplasia. Aust Vet J 86:425-8, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18959529 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00355.x .
2008 Burton,NJ.,Toscano,MJ.,Barr,FJ.,Owen,MR.: :
Reliability of radiological assessment of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis in dysplastic canine elbows. J Small Anim Pract 49:572-6, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18684142 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00611.x .
2008 Malm,S.,Fikse,WF.,Danell,B.,Strandberg,E.: :
Genetic variation and genetic trends in hip and elbow dysplasia in Swedish Rottweiler and Bernese Mountain Dog. J Anim Breed Genet 125:403-12, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 19134076 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00725.x .
2008 Moores,AP.,Benigni,L.,Lamb,CR.: :
Computed tomography versus arthroscopy for detection of canine elbow dysplasia lesions. Veterinary Surgery 37:390-8, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18564264 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00393.x .
2007 Kirberger,RM.,Stander,N.: :
Incidence of canine elbow dysplasia in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 78:59-62, 2007.
Pubmed reference: 17941595 .
2006 Samoy,Y.,VanRyssen,B.,Gielen,I.,Walschot,N.,VanBree,H.: :
Review of the literature: elbow incongruity in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:1-8, 2006.
Pubmed reference: 16594537 .
2005 Beuing,R.,Janssen,N.,Wurster,H.,Schmied,O.,Fluckiger,M.: :
[The significance of elbow dysplasia (ED) for breeding in Bernese Mountain Dogs in Germany] Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 147:491-7, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 16315851 .
2005 Demko,J.,McLaughlin,R.: :
Developmental orthopedic disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:1111-35, v, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 16129135 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.002 .
2005 Janutta,V.,Hamann,H.,Klein,S.,Tellhelm,B.,Distl,O.: :
Genetic evaluation of elbow angles as predictors of elbow dysplasia in German shepherd dogs. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:254-61, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 15943611 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00722.x .
2004 Remy,D.,Neuhart,L.,Fau,D.,Genevois,JP.: :
Canine elbow dysplasia and primary lesions in German shepherd dogs in France. J Small Anim Pract 45:244-8, 2004.
Pubmed reference: 15163051 .
2002 Maki,K.,Groen,A.F.,Liinamo,A.E.,Ojala,M.: :
Genetic variances, trends and mode of inheritance for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish dog populations Animal Science 75:197-207, 2002.
2001 Maki,K.,Groen,A.F.,Liinamo,A.E.,Ojala,M.: :
Population structure, inbreeding trend and their association with hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs Animal Science 73:217-228, 2001.
2000 Sturaro,E.,Ojala,M.,Mäki,K.,Bittante,G.,Carnier,P.,Pedrani,G.,Gallo,L.: :
Results from an explorative screening program for elbow dysplasia in some breeds of dogs in Italy. Italian Journal of Animal Science 4:233-240, 2000.
2000 Everts,R.E.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,Rothuizen,J.,van,Oost,B.A.: :
Bone disorders in the dog: A review of modern genetic strategies to find the underlying causes [Review] Veterinary Quarterly 22:63-70, 2000.
Pubmed reference: 10789512 .
2000 Hornof,W.J.,Wind,A.P.,Wallack,S.T.,Schulz,K.S.: :
Canine elbow dysplasia - The early radiographic detection of fragmentation of the coronoid process Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 30:257-+, 2000.
2000 Maki,K.,Liinamo,A.E.,Ojala,M.: :
Estimates of genetic parameters for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish Rottweilers Journal of Animal Science 78:1141-1148, 2000.
Pubmed reference: 10834565 .
2000 Beuing,R.,Mues,C.H.,Tellhelm,B.,Erhardt,G.: :
Prevalence and inheritance of canine elbow dysplasia in German Rottweiler Journal of Animal Breeding & Genetics-Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 117:375-383, 2000.
2000 Anon.: :
AVA's hip and elbow dysplasia scheme Australian Veterinary Journal 78:374, 2000.
1999 Morgan,J.P.,Wind,A.,Davidson,A.P.: :
Bone dysplasias in the Labrador retriever: A radiographic study Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35:332-340, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10416779 .
1999 Ubbink,G.J.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,van,de,Broek,J.,Rothuizen,J.: :
Familial clustering and risk analysis for fragmented coronoid process and elbow joint incongruity in Bernese Mountain Dogs in the Netherlands American Journal of Veterinary Research 60:1082-1087, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10490075 .
1999 Viehmann,B.,Waibl,H.,Brunnberg,L.: :
Computer-aided evaluation of parameters for elbow dysplasia, Part 1: Incisura trochlearis ulnae [German] Kleintierpraxis 44:595-+, 1999.
1999 Brunnberg,L.,Viehmann,B.,Waibl,H.: :
Computer-aided evaluation of parameters for elbow dysplasia - Part two: Steps between radius and ulna [German] Kleintierpraxis 44:637-+, 1999.
1998 Lang,J.,Busato,A.,Baumgartner,D.,Fluckiger,M.,Weber,U.T.: :
Comparison of two classification protocols in the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in the dog Journal of Small Animal Practice 39:169-174, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9577758 .
1998 Ubbink,G.J.,Vandebroek,J.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,Rothuizen,J.: :
Risk estimates for dichotomous genetic disease traits based on a cohort study of relatedness in purebred dog populations Veterinary Record 142:328-331, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9571755 .
1998 Kirberger,RM.,Fourie,SL.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog: pathophysiology, diagnosis and control. J S Afr Vet Assoc 69:43-54, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9760396 .
1998 Pead,M.J.: :
Elbow scoring in dogs Veterinary Record 142:72, 1998.
1998 Ubbink,G.J.,Vandebroek,J.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,Rothuizen,J.: :
Cluster analysis of the genetic heterogeneity and disease distributions in purebred dog populations Veterinary Record 142:209-213, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9533291 .
1998 Kirberger,R.M.,Fourie,S.L.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog - pathophysiology, diagnosis and control JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION-TYDSKRIF VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE VETERINERE VERENIGING 69:43-54, 1998.
1998 Anon.: :
Getting to grips with elbow dysplasia Veterinary Record 142:149, 1998.
1998 Walker,T.M.: :
A redefined type of elbow dysplasia in the dog - 2 cases Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 39:573-575, 1998.
1997 Keller,G.G.,Kreeger,J.M.,Mann,F.A.,Lattimer,J.C.: :
Correlation of radiographic, necropsy and histologic findings in 8 dogs with elbow dysplasia Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 38:272-276, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9262682 .
1997 Snaps,F.R.,Balligand,M.H.,Saunders,J.H.,Park,R.D.,Dondelinger,R.F.: :
Comparison of radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with elbow dysplasia American Journal of Veterinary Research 58:1367-1370, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9401682 .
1997 Swenson,L.,Audell,L.,Hedhammar,A.: :
Prevalence and inheritance of and selection for elbow arthrosis in Bernese mountain dogs and Rottweilers in Sweden and benefit: cost analysis of a screening and control program. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:215-21, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9018355 .
1996 Read,A.,Armstrong,S.J.,Black,A.P.,Macpherson,G.C.,Yovich,J.C.,Davey,T.: :
Relationship between physical signs of elbow dysplasia and radiographic score in growing rottweilers Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209:1427 ff., 1996.
1996 Schmokel,H.G.,Ehrismann,G.: :
Correction of an elbow dysplasia by ulnaostectomy and an external fixator with threaded connecting bars in a dog [German] Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift 83:238-241, 1996.
1996 Vanbree,H.,Verschooten,F.: :
Veterinary research at a clinical laboratory - diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases in the dog - past and present [Dutch] Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 65:308-309, 1996.
1996 :
Veterinary Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology Abstracts of the 7th Annual Meeting of the International Elbow Working Group 9(2):58-71.
1995 Bennett D, May C. :
Joint diseases of dogs and cats WB Saunders Co., Toronto. EJ Ettinger and EC Feldman(eds). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, pp. 2032-2077
1995 Schrader SC. :
Differential diagnosis of nontraumatic causes of lameness in young growing dogs WB Saunders Co., Toronto JD Bonagura (ed.) Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XII, pp. 1171-1180
1994 Anon.: :
Elbow Dysplasia in the Dog Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 119:473-474, 1994.
Pubmed reference: 8091411 .
1994 Bedford,P.G.C.: :
WSAVA Kennel Clubs Meeting - Control of Hereditary Elbow Disease in Pedigree Dogs Journal of Small Animal Practice 35:119-122, 1994.
1993 Anon.: :
Hip Dysplasia and Elbow Disease in Sight of the Federation- Cynologique-Internationale .1 Kleintierpraxis 38:194, 1993.
1993 Anon.: :
Elbow Dysplasia in the Bernese Mountain Dog Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 118:656-657, 1993.
1992 Flückiger,M.: :
[Elbow dysplasia in the dog]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 134:261-71, 1992.
Pubmed reference: 1502503 .
1966 Ljunggren,G.,Cawley,A.J.,Archibald,J.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 148:887-890, 1966.
Pubmed reference: 5950881 .