| map01110 |
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites |
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| map01100 |
Metabolic pathways |
- |
| map00960 |
Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis |
- |
| map00950 |
Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis |
Isoquinoline alkaloids are tyrosine-derived plant alkaloids with an isoquinoline skeleton. Among them benzylisoquinoline alkaloids form an important group with potent pharmacological activity, including analgesic compounds of morphine and codeine, and anti-infective agents of berberine, palmatine, and magnoflorine. Biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids proceeds via decarboxylation of tyrosine or DOPA to yield dopamine, which together with 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, an aldehyde derived from tyrosine, is converted to reticuline, an important precursor of various benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. |
| map00710 |
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms |
- |
| map00400 |
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis |
- |
| map00360 |
Phenylalanine metabolism |
- |
| map00350 |
Tyrosine metabolism |
- |
| map00330 |
Arginine and proline metabolism |
- |
| map00270 |
Cysteine and methionine metabolism |
Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034]. |
| map00250 |
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism |
- |
